Dolor torácico, electrocardiograma y enzimas cardiacas: una propuesta práctica de manejo hospitalario

La presentación clínica de la enfermedad arterioesclerótica coronaria abarca un espectro amplio: desde el paciente totalmente asintomático, a pesar de la existencia de lesiones obstructivas de grado variable en el árbol coronario, o bien, el paciente que refiere opresión precordial relacionada de manera exclusiva a esfuerzo físico, hasta el paciente que aqueja dolor precordial opresivo intenso de reposo, y acude a la sala de urgencias. En cada uno de estos contextos, existe una secuencia fisiopatológica distinta, a pesar de su origen común. Se presenta una propuesta práctica para el manejo del paciente con dolor torácico en la sala de urgencias, en diferentes contextos clínicos cuyo origen fisiopatológico es distinto; se comenta la utilidad y forma de interpretación del dosaje de las "enzimas cardiacas".

The clinical presentation of coronary arteriosclerotic disease covers a broad spectrum: from the patient totally asymptomatic, despite the existence of obstructive lesions of variable degree in the coronary tree, or the patient who refers precordial oppression related exclusively to physical activity, even the patient who suffers severe oppressive precordial pain at rest, and goes to the emergency room. In each of these contexts, there is a distinct physiopathological sequence, despite its common origin. A practical proposal for the management of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, in different clinical contexts with a different pathophysiology is presented. The usefulness and interpretation of the dosage of the "cardiac enzymes" is discussed.

Síndrome de Wellens, una forma grave de síndrome coronario agudo / Síndrome de Wellens, uma forma grave de síndrome coronariana aguda / Wellens syndrome, a severe form of acute coronary syndrome

Se presentó el caso de una mujer de 41 años de edad, mestiza, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, obesidad y dislipemia que acudió al servicio de emergencias refiriendo dolor torácico retroesternal, opresivo, de intensidad 8/10, con irradiación a cuello, mandíbula y miembro superior izquierdo. El dolor torácico agudo representa del 5 al 20 por ciento del total de las urgencias médicas y esta afectación común con un amplio diagnóstico diferencial es motivo de alarma, por lo que siempre se debe descartar la presencia de síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) debido al potencial riesgo que corren los pacientes con esta entidad y sus múltiples complicaciones. El electrocardiograma y la dosificación de enzimas cardíacas son herramientas importantes en la investigación de los pacientes, sin embargo, existen situaciones en las que aún en presencia de resultados normales, existe una enfermedad grave subyacente que podría pasar desapercibida(AU)

We present the case of a 41-year-old woman, Mongrel, with a history of high blood pressure, obesity and dyslipidemia who went to the emergency service referring to chest pain, oppression, of intensity 8/10, with radiation to the neck, jaw and left upper limb. Acute chest pain accounts for 5 to 20 per cent of all medical emergencies and this common affectation with a wide differential diagnosis is cause for alarm, so the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) should always be ruled out due to the potential risk that run patients with this entity and its multiple complications. The electrocardiogram and the dosage of cardiac enzymes are important tools in the investigation of patients, however, there are situations in which even in the presence of normal results, there is a serious underlying disease that could go unnoticed(AU)

Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 41 anos, mestiça, com história de hipertensão arterial, obesidade e dislipidemia, que compareceu ao serviço de emergência referindo dor torácica, opressão, de intensidade 8/10, com irradiação para o pescoço, mandíbula e membro superior esquerdo. A dor torácica aguda é responsável por 5 a 20 por cento de todas as emergências médicas e essa afetação comum com amplo diagnóstico diferencial é motivo de alarme, portanto, a presença de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) deve ser sempre descartada devido ao risco potencial. que correm pacientes com essa entidade e suas múltiplas complicações. O eletrocardiograma e a dosagem de enzimas cardíacas são ferramentas importantes na investigação dos pacientes, entretanto, existem situações em que, mesmo na presença de resultados normais, existe uma doença subjacente grave que pode passar despercebida(AU)

Enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis: concentración de enzimas cardíacas en ausencia de evidencia de cardiopatía isquémica aguda / Chronic Kidney Disease in hemodialysis: cardiac enzymes concentrations without evidence of acute coronary disease

Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo cuyo objetivo es analizar la concentración de enzimas cardíacas en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis sin evidencia clínica de cardiopatía isquémica aguda, hospitalizados en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela durante el período 2014-2015. Métodos: Se tomó muestra de suero a 48 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis sin evidencia de cardiopatía isquémica aguda, y se midieron las concentraciones de creatin quinasa (CK), creatin quinasa fracción MB (CK-MB) y Troponina I (Tn-I) antes y después de la diálisis. Resultados: la mediana de los valores obtenidos de CK fue 42 prediálisis y 38 postdiálisis (p = 0,434), CK-MB: 10 pre y postdiálisis (p = 0,629), con respecto a troponina I, la mediana fue 0,00 pre y postdiálisis (p = 0,586). Se obtuvo valores dentro de límites normales de CK en 91,1% pre y 93,3% postdiálisis, CKMB 93,3% prediálisis y postdiálisis y Troponina I en 97,67% pre y 95,35% postdiálisis. Conclusiones: no se evidenciaron cambios significativos en las concentraciones de CK, CK-MB y Troponina I tanto pre como postdiálisis, encontrándose dentro de la normalidad en más de 90% de los casos. No se encontró relación entre concentración Troponina I, CK y CK-MB según edad, sexo, factores de riesgo cardiovasculares (diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial) y tiempo de hemodiálisis. Cualquiera de las enzimas puede tener utilidad clínica, siendo de preferencia las más cardioespecíficas, individualizando cada caso según su clínica y sus valores basales de enzimas cardíacas(AU)

This is an observational, analytical prospective study aimed to analyze cardiac enzymes concentrations in chronic kidney disease patients in hemodialysis without evidence of acute coronary disease at Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela during 2014-2015. Methods: serum samples were taken in 46 patients' with chronic kidney disease in hemodialysis without evidence of acute coronary disease and creatin kinase (CK), creatin kinase fraction MB (CK-MB) and Troponin I (Tn-I) were measured before and after hemodialysis. Results: was 42 predialysis and 38 postdialysis (p = 0.434), CK-MB 10 predialysis and post-dialysis (p = 0.629) the median value of troponin I, was 0.00 before and after dialysis (p = 0.586). It was obtained values within normal range of CK in 91.1% and 93.3% pre and post-dialysis, CK-MB in 93.3% predialysis and postdialysis and Troponin I in 97.67% pre and 95.35 % postdialysis. Conclusions: No significant changes were found in concentrations of CK, CK-MB and Troponin I bothpre and post-dialysis, with normal values in over 90% of cases. No relationship between concentration of Troponin I, CK and CK-MB and age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes and hypertension) or time in hemodialysis were found. Any of the enzymes may have clinical utility, being the cardiospecific ones preferably, individualizing each case based on clinical and baseline cardiac enzymes(AU)

Prevalence of myocarditis in pediatric intensive care unit cases presenting with other system involvement / Prevalência de miocardite em casos pediátricos na unidade de terapia intensiva, com envolvimento de outros sistemas

OBJECTIVE: To assess children with myocarditis, the frequency of various presenting symptoms, and the accuracy of different investigations in the diagnosis. METHODS: This was an observational study of 63 patients admitted to PICU with non-cardiac diagnosis. Cardiac enzymes, chest-X ray, echocardiography, and electrocardiogram were performed to diagnose myocarditis among those patients. RESULTS: There were 16 cases of definite myocarditis. The age distribution was non-normal, with median of 5.5 months (3.25-21). Of the 16 patients who were diagnosed with myocarditis, 62.5% were originally diagnosed as having respiratory problems, and there were more females than males. Among the present cases, the accuracy of cardiac enzymes (cardiac troponin T [cTn] and creatine phosphokinase MB [CKMB]) in the diagnosis of myocarditis was only 63.5%, while the accuracy of low fractional shortening and of chest-X ray cardiomegaly was 85.7 and 80.9%; respectively. Cardiac troponin folds 2.02 had positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 88.7%, specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 62.5%, and accuracy of 90.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Children with myocarditis present with symptoms that can be mistaken for other types of illnesses. When clinical suspicion of myocarditis exists, chest-X ray and echocardiography are sufficient as screening tests. Cardiac troponins confirm the diagnosis in screened cases, with specificity of 100%. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar as crianças com miocardite, a frequência de sintomas apresentados e a precisão de investigações no diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional de 63 pacientes internados na UTIP com diagnóstico de problemas não cardíacos. Os exames de enzimas cardíacas, raios-X do tórax, ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma (ECG) foram feitos para diagnosticar miocardite entre os pacientes. RESULTADOS: Houve 16 casos de miocardite definida. A distribuição etária não foi normal, com média de 5,5 meses (3,25-21). Dos 16 pacientes, 62,5% foram originalmente diagnosticados com problemas respiratórios e a mulheres estavam em maior número do que os homens. Dentre nossos casos, a precisão das enzimas cardíacas (cTn e CKMB) no diagnóstico da miocardite foi de apenas 63,5%, apesar de a precisão da baixa fração de encurtamento (FS) e dos raios-X de tórax que revelaram cardiomegalia ter sido 85,7% e 80,9%; respectivamente. A troponina cardíaca em 2,02 vezes apresentou valor preditivo positivo = 100%, valor preditivo negativo = 88,7%, especificidade = 100%, sensibilidade = 62,5% e precisão = 90,5%. CONCLUSÕES: As crianças com miocardite apresentam sintomas que podem ser confundidos com outros tipos de doenças. Quando há suspeita clínica de miocardite, raios-X de tórax e ecocardiografia são testes de rastreamento suficientes. As troponinas cardíacas confirmam o diagnóstico em casos examinados, com especificidade de 100%. .